@article { author = {Abd El-Khalek, Ahmed}, title = {Effectiveness of Gum Arabic, Potassium Salts and Their Incorporation in The Control of Postharvest Diseases and Maintaining Quality of ‘Washington’ Navel Oranges during Long Term Cold Storage}, journal = {Egyptian Journal of Horticulture}, volume = {45}, number = {2}, pages = {185-203}, year = {2018}, publisher = {National Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT)}, issn = {1110-0206}, eissn = {2357-0903}, doi = {10.21608/ejoh.2018.3561.1062}, abstract = {Edible coating of gum arabic (GA) and food preservatives with antifungal properties included potassium sorbate (PS) and potassium bicarbonate (PB) were evaluated on ‘Washington’ navel oranges during long term cold storage in 2016 and 2017 seasons. Orange fruits were dipped for three minutes into the following treatments: distilled water and used for untreated fruits (control), 0.2% imazalil (IMZ) and used as a commercial fungicide, 10% GA, 2% PS, 2% PB, 0.2% IMZ incorporated with 10% GA, 2% PS incorporated with 10% GA and 2% PB incorporated with 10% GA. After that, all treatments stored at 5±1˚C and 90±5% relative humidity (RH) for ten weeks followed by one week as a shelf life period at 18-23°C and 55±5% RH. The changes in physical and chemical characteristics of orange fruits were determined every two weeks intervals of cold storage periods followed by one week shelf life. In general, all postharvest treatments effectively reduced fruit weight loss, controlled decay incidence, decreased size of lesion surface diameter, increased marketable fruit percentage, maintained rind firmness and retained fruit visual appearance as compared to untreated oranges and treated with IMZ during storage period. Moreover, these applications significantly decreased loss of fruit juice, ascorbic acid, titratable acidity (TA) as well as significantly slowed the accumulation of total soluble solids (TSS) and TSS/TA ratio. In addition, these applications increased total phenolic content and enhanced total antioxidant capacity of oranges as compared to untreated fruits. In particular, 2% PS or 2% PB incorporated with 10% GA coating applications were the most effective in this aspect in comparison to the other treated and untreated fruits. Thus, these applications showed an easy and inexpensive approach as a suitable alternative to the currently adopted IMZ application for controlling postharvest decay and suppressing the deterioration of physical and chemical characteristics of ‘Washington’ navel oranges during long term storage at low temperature.}, keywords = {Navel orange,Edible coating,Gum Arabic,potassium sorbate,Potassium bicarbonate,decay,Total Antioxidant Capacity,Total phenolic content,Postharvest quality}, url = {https://ejoh.journals.ekb.eg/article_8338.html}, eprint = {https://ejoh.journals.ekb.eg/article_8338_c84f86c58aa3e6a3d9383b2149e47806.pdf} } @article { author = {Mohamed, Mohamed and Abdel Fattah, Bahaa and Nassef, Dalia and Aboul-Nasr, Mohamed and Kandeel, Nada}, title = {Phenotypic and Molecular Alterations of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cv. ʿCaraʾ as Affected by Benzyl Adenine and Propagation Cycle In Vitro}, journal = {Egyptian Journal of Horticulture}, volume = {45}, number = {2}, pages = {205-228}, year = {2018}, publisher = {National Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT)}, issn = {1110-0206}, eissn = {2357-0903}, doi = {10.21608/ejoh.2018.4050.1069}, abstract = {The current investigation was carried out in 2016 and 2017 in the Tissue Culture Laboratory of the Department of Vegetable Crops and Biotechnology Laboratory of the Department of Genetics, the Faculty of Agriculture, Assuit University, using the potato cv. Cara. The study assessed the phonotypical alterations and genetic stability using molecular analyses (RAPD, ISSR and SRAP). The stem single node cultures of potato cultivar 'Cara' were followed-up for three shoot multiplication cycles (subcultures) on the medium supplemented with 0.5 or 1.0 mg/l benzyl adenine (BA) or lacking the BA. Shoots on BA containing medium as compared to that on the medium lacking BA were shorter, developing multiple shoot branches and producing larger number of stem nodes/culture. The stem nodal yield increased by 87.5% and 131.3% in cultures on medium supplemented with 0.5 and 1.0 mg/l BA, respectively. Cultures of nodal explants derived from shoots propagated on BA containing medium exhibited an interrupted root formation. No roots formed after the second shoot multiplication cycle using nodal explants from shoots formerly grown on medium with 1.0 mg/l BA. In the third shoot multiplication, cycle rooting did not occur using nodal explants from shoots harvested from cultures on medium with 0.5 or 1.0 mg/l BA. The molecular assay was confirmatory to the phenotypic assay and the different marker methods used were reliable in assessing tissue culture-induced variations. Overall results are against in vitro use of BA in potato cv. Cara transplant-production media. Check of genetic stability at close intervals is advisable.}, keywords = {ISSR,micropropagation,RAPD,SRAP,Soluble protein banding,Transplant production}, url = {https://ejoh.journals.ekb.eg/article_8339.html}, eprint = {https://ejoh.journals.ekb.eg/article_8339_0a3a838ae1ab7e89c1024796f0414ba5.pdf} } @article { author = {Zaky, Manal}, title = {Impact of Spraying Some Chemical Substances on Controlling Sunburn of Balady Mandarin Fruits}, journal = {Egyptian Journal of Horticulture}, volume = {45}, number = {2}, pages = {229-236}, year = {2018}, publisher = {National Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT)}, issn = {1110-0206}, eissn = {2357-0903}, doi = {10.21608/ejoh.2018.3171.1056}, abstract = {Sunburn is one of the most important problems that may affect the growth, productivity and quality of Balady mandarin trees. This study was conducted to determine the effects of two kaolin clay products i.e. Screen Duo ® (applied once or twice) and Surround ® (3 and 6%) used as anti-sunburn treatment on controlling sunburn of Balady mandarin fruits Citrus reticulata. Data indicated that percentage of injured fruits were decreased by treatments in comparison with control in both seasons of study. The percentage of injured fruits in Surround ® 6 and 3 % treatments were 11.66 and 14.02% in first season and 9.33 and 15.5% in the second one, respectively, while those treated with Screen Duo ® once and twice, possessed 19.6 and 14.9 % in the first season and 20.5 and 16.3 % in the second one compared with control treatment that gained 31.68 and 32.6 % in the first and second seasons, respectively. Surround ® 6% treatment caused significant increase in fruits weight and volume. The treatments did not affect fruits juice TSS, acidity and TSS/acidity ratio, except Surround ® 6% treatment, which caused significant increase in both TSS and acidity and significant decrease in TSS/acidity ratio in comparison with injured fruits. In the present study, the economic gain was estimated in term of assumed percentage of increase per fadan value in comparison with the control, where the estimated percentage of increase ranged between 11.6-20.66 in first season and 12.6-21.33 in the second one.   }, keywords = {Kaolin clay,Citrus reticulata,sunburn,Rind anatomy,Economic Feasibility}, url = {https://ejoh.journals.ekb.eg/article_9494.html}, eprint = {https://ejoh.journals.ekb.eg/article_9494_a286c3a27095330d1822619cfb4bf4d8.pdf} } @article { author = {Abd El-Khalek, Ahmed}, title = {Impact of Some Postharvest Safe Treatments on Maintaining Quality and Extending Life of Guava Fruits during Cold Storage}, journal = {Egyptian Journal of Horticulture}, volume = {45}, number = {2}, pages = {237-256}, year = {2018}, publisher = {National Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT)}, issn = {1110-0206}, eissn = {2357-0903}, doi = {10.21608/ejoh.2018.3597.1064}, abstract = {Despite the increase in guava growing area, improvement in postharvest quality is still negligible. The influence of putrescine (PUT), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and their combinations on postharvest life and fruit quality of ‘Maamoura’ guavas was evaluated for two consecutive seasons (2016 and 2017). The experiment included six postharvest treatments; distilled water (control), 1 mM PUT, 2 mM PUT, 5% HPMC, 1 mM PUT incorporated with 5% HPMC and 2 mM PUT incorporated with 5% HPMC. These treatments were performed by immersing guava fruits for five minutes.  Treated and control fruits were stored at 7±1°C and 90±5% relative humidity (RH) for 24 days. The changes in physical and chemical characteristics of guava fruits were determined every eight days of cold storage. Results of this study indicated that, all postharvest treatments of ‘Maamoura’ guavas reduced the deterioration in physical and chemical characteristics as compared to untreated fruits (control). In addition, combined treatments of PUT at 1 or 2 mM and 5% HPMC were superior than individual treatments. These treatments significantly minimized physiological loss in weight, reduced decay incidence and maximized marketable percentage as well as maintained fruit firmness and visual appearance score during storage. Moreover, these applications significantly delayed colour development by retained total chlorophyll content as well as significantly maintained fruit contents in ascorbic acid and titratable acidity and also significantly slowed the accumulation of fruit contents in total soluble solids and total soluble solids/titratable acidity ratio during cold storage period. Ultimately, these applications significantly prolonged the shelf life period for guavas at ambient conditions (25±2°C and 65±5% RH) after the end of cold storage period (24 days) as compared to control. In particular, postharvest application of PUT at 2 mM incorporated with 5% HPMC of guavas was the most effective in this aspect than the other treatments and control. Therefore, this application is a promising method for alleviating decay, preserving quality and extending postharvest life period of ‘Maamoura’ guava fruits during cold storage.}, keywords = {Maamoura guavas,putrescine,Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose,Postharvest,decay,fruit quality,Chlorophyll,Storage life}, url = {https://ejoh.journals.ekb.eg/article_8340.html}, eprint = {https://ejoh.journals.ekb.eg/article_8340_6162fcebb8b9c3ac85f190ec928a6eae.pdf} } @article { author = {Mohamed, Shaimaa}, title = {Effect of Chitosan, Putrescine and irrigation levels on the Drought Tolerance of Sour Orange Seedlings}, journal = {Egyptian Journal of Horticulture}, volume = {45}, number = {2}, pages = {257-273}, year = {2018}, publisher = {National Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT)}, issn = {1110-0206}, eissn = {2357-0903}, doi = {10.21608/ejoh.2018.3063.1050}, abstract = {study was conducted on one- year old sour orange seedlings in long term experiment during 2014 and 2015, held in greenhouse of EL-Maamora station, Horticulture Research Institute. The aim of trial was to evaluate foliar chitosan or putrescine application at 0, 50, 100, 150 ppm and three levels of irrigation (7, 14 and 21 days) contributing to three levels of drought stress (zero, moderate and severe, respectively) on growth, leaf biochemical attributes and antioxidant enzymes activity. Results showed that most of the vegetative growth indices, plant height %, stem diameter %, leaves number, area, fresh and dry weight and relative water content(RWC) %,leaf carbohydrates and protein % were significantly decreased with increasing drought level and that chitosan and putrescine application resulted in enhancement gradually of the previous parameters by increasing  concentrations applied. Putrescine was more effective at 50 and 100ppm compared to 150 ppm, whereas chitosan was more effective at 100 and 150ppm than 50 ppm .}, keywords = {Sour orange,Chitosan (cht),Putrescine (put),Foliar sprays,Water deficit,Antioxidant enzymes,phenols,proline}, url = {https://ejoh.journals.ekb.eg/article_10315.html}, eprint = {https://ejoh.journals.ekb.eg/article_10315_6e992a1e8a80c5339b0b5b7f6b93582c.pdf} } @article { author = {khalil, mohamed and eltanany, mahmoud and El-shahaat, Mohamed}, title = {Efficacy of three Bio-pesticide products and oxamyl against citrus nematode (Tylenchulus semipenetrans) and on productivity of Washington navel orange trees}, journal = {Egyptian Journal of Horticulture}, volume = {45}, number = {2}, pages = {275-287}, year = {2018}, publisher = {National Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT)}, issn = {1110-0206}, eissn = {2357-0903}, doi = {10.21608/ejoh.2018.3161.1060}, abstract = {A study was conducted during two periods (March and September), for two successive growing seasons (2016 and 2017) to determine the impacts of three bio-pesticides products namely, abamectin (Tervigo®), azadirachtin (Achook®) and a mixture of Trichoderma album + Bacillus megaterium (Bio Zeid® + Bio Arc®), as well as oxamyl (Vydate®), on the number of citrus nematode populations (Tylenchulus semipenetrans), on 10-year-old Washington navel orange trees (Citrus sinensis, Osbeck) budded on sour orange rootstock grown in sandy soil. This work was carried out in private farm located at Hamour village, Boustan area, Behera governorate. The obtained results proved that all treatments reduced nematode populations during both seasons from 63.04 to 79.66% and from 69.53 to 89.87%, respectively. Meanwhile, the fruit yield during both seasons was increased significantly with all applied treatments, especially oxamyl treatment. The most of physical fruit properties were improved. Chemical fruit properties were markedly improved, especially with abamectin treatment which increased vitamin C. Moreover, oxamyl and azadirachtin significantly raised total solid soluble content in the fruit juice. On the other hand, the leaf area was augmented through both seasons in all treatments. The leaf minerals composition also was increased with all applied treatments, except for calcium which significantly decreased with the mixture of T. album + B. megaterium during both seasons of study.}, keywords = {Tylenchulus semipenetrans,Washington Navel orange,Fruit yield,fruit properties,Mineral composition and Bio-pesticides}, url = {https://ejoh.journals.ekb.eg/article_10318.html}, eprint = {https://ejoh.journals.ekb.eg/article_10318_dfee01af7aaaa0ce71099072aa05fc67.pdf} } @article { author = {El-tanany, mahmoud}, title = {Effect of Foliar Applications with Urea and |Yeast Extract on the Vegetative and Floral Buds, Leaf Ammonium Content, Flowering Behavior, Fruiting and Fruit Quality of Washington Navel Orange Trees.}, journal = {Egyptian Journal of Horticulture}, volume = {45}, number = {2}, pages = {289-303}, year = {2018}, publisher = {National Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT)}, issn = {1110-0206}, eissn = {2357-0903}, doi = {10.21608/ejoh.2018.3606.1066}, abstract = {The present investigation was conducted during 2014 and 2015 seasons to study the influence of foliar sprays with urea and yeast extract on vegetative and floral buds , leaf ammonium, fruit set, yield and fruit quality of 35- years old Washington navel orange trees on sour orange rootstock. Results revealed that a combination of urea plus yeast on Jan.,15, achieved the highest number of vegetative buds per branch and produced significantly the highest number of fruit set / branch  and achieving an increase in fruit number per tree, average fruit weights and fruit yield compared with other treatments. Single foliar application of urea in mid-January, significantly increased leaf ammonium concentrations and the total number of inflorescences (leafy had more flowers, one or two flowers) and leafless inflorescences. Trees sprayed with urea plus yeast on Feb., 15 and these sprayed with urea on Feb. , 15 have improved fruit size. Moreover, spraying trees with the two compounds, in mid-Jan. and mid-Feb. increased fruit and pulp weights, whereas , those sprayed with a mixture of urea plus yeast extract in mid-Jan. or urea in mid-Feb., produced fruits with significantly higher juice percent  and almost improved chemical fruit properties. Fruit nitrate and nitrite contents were in permitted limits due to foliar urea and yeast application. In addition, urea plus yeast extract, in mid-January and mid-February resulted in fruits having the lowest contents of nitrate and nitrite and similarly as the control.}, keywords = {Inflorescences (leafy & leafless),Washington Navel orange,leaf ammonium,fruit nitrate (NO3‾) and nitrite(NO2‾) contents}, url = {https://ejoh.journals.ekb.eg/article_12943.html}, eprint = {https://ejoh.journals.ekb.eg/article_12943_13eda682a91580e27b5285c5e028fee7.pdf} } @article { author = {Abo-Ogiala, Atef}, title = {Impact of Biochar on Growth, Biochemical Parameters and Nutrients Content of Volkamer Lemon (C. volkameriana, Tenx pasq.) under Saline Condition}, journal = {Egyptian Journal of Horticulture}, volume = {45}, number = {2}, pages = {305-314}, year = {2018}, publisher = {National Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT)}, issn = {1110-0206}, eissn = {2357-0903}, doi = {10.21608/ejoh.2018.4753.1073}, abstract = {New strategies for plant adaptation with soil affected by salinity are needed. Recent studies on different crops introduced biochar as a promising soil amendment that ameliorate problems associated with salinity stress. Here the study proof that biochar helps seedlings of Volkamer lemon (C. volkameriana, Tenx pasq.) copping with salt stress. Uniform three months old seedlings were transferred in a mixture media consists of sand: peat moss: biochar, 4: 2: 0.5 or 1 v/v, respectively. The plants were subjected to 0, 100 and 200 mM NaCl. The performance were determined by growths related to fresh (F.W)and dry mass (D.W), leaf area, shoot and root length, shoot diameter and root width, shoot/root and water content. Electrical conductivity (EC), Relative chlorophyll content (RCC) and proline content as biochemical parameters were measured. The elements of N, P, K+, Na+ and K+/Na+ ratio were looked up. The results indicated that biochar decreased the salinity effect on plant performance. Plants grown under salt stress in a mixture media contained biochar showed higher content of chlorophyll, N, P and K+ but showed lower content of shoot/root, K+/Na+, proline, EC and Na+ than those grown in the media free of biochar. These results supported the views that introduce biochar as a promising application in mitigating the negative effects of salinity stress on volkamer lemon seedlings.}, keywords = {salt stress,Biochar,Volkamer lemon,Chlorophyll,proline,electrical conductivity}, url = {https://ejoh.journals.ekb.eg/article_16841.html}, eprint = {https://ejoh.journals.ekb.eg/article_16841_25bcb8a066a333508160913800bad784.pdf} } @article { author = {Abo-Ogiala, Atef}, title = {Impact of Biochar on Vegetative Parameters, Leaf Mineral Content, Yield and Fruit Quality of Grande Naine Banana in Saline-sodic Soil}, journal = {Egyptian Journal of Horticulture}, volume = {45}, number = {2}, pages = {315-322}, year = {2018}, publisher = {National Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT)}, issn = {1110-0206}, eissn = {2357-0903}, doi = {10.21608/ejoh.2018.4754.1074}, abstract = {Due to the changes in climatic condition and increasing salt affected soils, it was necessary to develop new agriculture practices to cope with these problems. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of wood sawdust biochar (WB) on Grande Naine banana plant performance. The study was conducted during 2013 and 2014 seasons with addition rates of 0, 5, 10, 20 Mg ha-1 of WB to saline-sodic soil in a private farm in Kafr Yaaqob village, Kafr El-Zayat, El- Gharbyia Governorate, Egypt.  The obtained results showed better growth, productivity and fruit quality by increasing addition rates of biochar.  Length and girth of pseudostem, leaf area, also bunch, cluster and finger weights were greatly increased with 20 Mg ha-1 rate of WB. All fruit quality parameters, i.e. number of fingers per cluster, finger length and diameter, pulp weight, peel weight, total soluble solids (T.S.S), total sugars and starch were positively enhanced by increasing biochar application. In addition, leaf mineral revealed higher contents by increasing the application of BW. The study recommends adding biochar to the orchards of Grande Naine banana grown in saline-sodic soils at 20 Mg ha-1 rate of BW.}, keywords = {Banana,salt stress,Biochar,yield,Growth,Mineral content}, url = {https://ejoh.journals.ekb.eg/article_17147.html}, eprint = {https://ejoh.journals.ekb.eg/article_17147_818dfd62ce32c848a38bfac9577c9b7d.pdf} } @article { author = {Tawfik, Azza A. and Ibrahim, Omer Hosni Mohmed and Abdul-Hafeez, Essam and Ibrahim, Samar}, title = {Optimizing Micropropagation Protocol for Rosa hybrida cv. Eiffel Tower with Improved in vitro Rooting Ability}, journal = {Egyptian Journal of Horticulture}, volume = {45}, number = {2}, pages = {323-335}, year = {2018}, publisher = {National Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT)}, issn = {1110-0206}, eissn = {2357-0903}, doi = {10.21608/ejoh.2018.4906.1075}, abstract = {In vitro propagation techniques were studied to establish a protocol for rapid and mass production of Rosa spp. cv. Eiffel Tower, an important and endangered cultivar. Several experiments were conducted through a two-stage procedure: multiplication stage and rooting of microshoots stage.  For multiplication, the best results were obtained when nodal segments were cultured on MS medium supplemented with BAP at 1mg/l and/or Kinetin at 0.5 mg/l. The highest shoots number (3.17 shoots/explant) was obtained when 0.5 mg/l BAP was added to the medium. Kinetin at 0.5 mg/l produced the highest shoot number/explant (3.67 shoots), and shoot length (3.67 cm). The interaction between BAP at 1 mg/l plus kinetin at 0.5 mg/l gave the highest shoot number/explant (4 shoots). For rooting, the best interaction effect on rooting percentage (61.00%), highest number of roots/shoot (5.12) and root length (3.33 cm) were observed when the shoots were cultured on hormone-free MS medium and pH level was adjusted to 5.5. Moreover, adjusting the medium pH to 5.5 formed roots faster in 17.67 days followed by medium with pH level 4.5 (18 days).  The medium with pH at 5.5 supplemented with 50 g/l sucrose produced the highest significant value of rooting (85%) and enhanced root formation in 7.5 days. The rooted plantlets were transplanted into the potting substrate and successfully acclimatized in the laboratory then transferred to the field with a survival rate of 55%. After 6 month, the plantlets reached ~ 22 cm in length and 5.50 leaves/plant}, keywords = {Rose,MS medium pH,Nodal segments,sucrose%,kinetin,BAP}, url = {https://ejoh.journals.ekb.eg/article_17155.html}, eprint = {https://ejoh.journals.ekb.eg/article_17155_14d5966bb921359e38d3a2d6bed2f159.pdf} } @article { author = {Massimi, Mohunnad A. and Al-Bdour, Ala I.}, title = {A Short Scientific Note on the Horticultural Crops Optimum Planting Dates in Jordan}, journal = {Egyptian Journal of Horticulture}, volume = {45}, number = {2}, pages = {337-340}, year = {2018}, publisher = {National Information and Documentation Center (NIDOC), Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT)}, issn = {1110-0206}, eissn = {2357-0903}, doi = {10.21608/ejoh.2018.6221.1085}, abstract = {According to statistics of the Statistics Department for 2016 in Jordan government, the total area of ​​vegetables in Jordan accounted to about 50579 hectares including open and protected crop, where most of the crops include tomatoes, squash, eggplant, cucumbers, potatoes, cabbage, cauliflower, pepper, and faba-beans. The smallest areas were Snake cucumbers, turnips, carrots, parsley, and radish. Due to the climate change conditions and the changing needs of local and global agricultural markets, it has become necessary to provide farmers and rural women with the optimal time to grow crops .However, plant biologists classify crops by family or by the portion consumed from the crop, making it difficult for agricultural extension agents in the field and academic scholars to classify crop planting dates.The problem becomes even more complicated when agricultural experts, plant physiologists, and crop ecologists engaged in this, where classifications are intertwined and it becomes difficult to find out when to grow crops. However, this issue can be simplified in many ways. In terms of the experience of local farmers and inherited information from their parents, it is easy to set the dates of winter and summer agriculture without addressing the autumn and spring crops so as not to increase complications due to climate change. Especially that global warming caused the disappearance of the features of the autumn and spring seasons with the expansion of time and overlap for the rest of the seasons of both winter and summer.However, it is very important to mention another very important reason and is a major cause of this huge and significant discrepancy in information, it provides protected crops that produce crops at any time and provide them throughout the year. The entry of Arab countries (such as Jordan and Egypt) into the international markets and free trade agreements makes these countries a market for crop consumption and availability at any time among the year. This scientific note aims at simplifying the classification of planting dates for the common horticultural crops in Jordan according to winter season crops and summer season crops.Table 1 classifies open horticultural crops in Jordan categorized ecologically (winter and summer crops) and physiologically (cool and warm season crops).}, keywords = {planting dates,Horticulture,vegetables}, url = {https://ejoh.journals.ekb.eg/article_21179.html}, eprint = {https://ejoh.journals.ekb.eg/article_21179_e0abca3c2de5ea08e3265924edf9e95e.pdf} }